Species composition and seasonal density of major mosquito vectors in relation to physicochemical and meteorological factors of the breeding habitats: a sign for mosquito-borne diseases in Niger, Nigeria

Within disease-endemic regions in Nigeria, specifically Niger State, mosquito-borne diseases lead to extensive morbidity and mortality. Species composition and seasonal density are vital in determining the prevalence of adult mosquitoes and associated diseases, hence, the existence of mosquito species. From May 2019 to March 2020, mosquito species were assessed. An experimental field closed-cage study was employed, and mosquitoes were sampled every two weeks by agitation and subjected to microscopy. A total of seven species of mosquitoes belonging to three genera (Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex) were collected. These include Aedes aegypti, Ae. dorsalis, Anopheles gambiae, An. coustani, Culex quinquefasciatus, Cx. nigripalpus and Cx. salinarius. Mosquito density in large water bodies was significantly higher followed by the gutters and Swamps. Bosso demonstrated the highest species variation, followed by Katcha, Shiroro and the least was Lapai. The highest means density of mosquitoes was observed in August while the lowest was recorded in November. The overall peak density of adult mosquitoes was recorded in the rainy season and lower in the dry season. Mosquito density was correlated with temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorine, potassium, alkalinity, biochemical oxygen demand, conductivity, and pH. A positive correlation was found between mosquito density with rainfall and relative humidity. Only Anopheles in large water habitat was significant), indicating a positive influence of these habitats on mosquitoes. Mosquitoes vary across habitats and correlated positively with certain physical and chemical characteristics in different habitats. Manipulation of these parameters is essential to minimize mosquito diseases