Design and Simulation of an Optimized Traffic Controller Using Moore FSM

Traffic congestion poses a major challenge in urban areas, adversely affecting both efficiency and safety. While traditional traffic control systems can be effective in specific scenarios, they often lack the adaptability required to respond to changing traffic conditions in real time. This paper introduces an optimized traffic management system designed using the Moore Finite State Machine (FSM) model. The Moore FSM was selected for its simplicity, reliability, and ability to manage state-dependent outputs, which are essential for controlling traffic light cycles. The research focuses on developing a traffic signal controller that dynamically responds to real-time traffic data, aiming to minimize waiting times, improve traffic flow, and enhance energy efficiency. The proposed system employs sensors to gather real-time traffic data and uses a state-driven approach to regulate light signal transitions. The controller is modelled using Verilog, and its performance is analysed through simulations in diverse traffic conditions, such as peak hours, low-traffic periods, and scenarios requiring emergency vehicle prioritization. Simulation results indicate notable improvements in traffic flow, with reduced average waiting times and congestion compared to conventional fixed-time traffic controllers. Additionally, the system enhances energy efficiency by optimizing signal timings based on live data, thereby reducing unnecessary signal changes.