Where is gender? Gender as interaction in mathematics education

The article provides a narrative review (Collins & Fauser, 2005) of research related to gender and mathematics education through 2021. The author draws on gender research in sociology and utilizes Risman’s (2018a) concept of gender as social structure. The gender as social structure framework is used to categorize and discuss research in mathematics education. The author presents research in three levels of the social structure (micro, interactional, and macro) of which each are comprised of two aspects: the material and cultural. Overall, the author argues for mathematics education to develop theoretical frameworks and methodologies to understand gender in mathematics education at the interactional level.