Foggara's water quality and irrigation systems - from lifeline to potential hazard in Touat, southwestern Algeria

Various civilisations have constructed thousands of tunnels and well networks in different regions of the North Africa in. These networks are known as Foggrar in Algeria, khettaras in Morocco and qanats in Iran. This system is based on similar physical, hydrogeological, and engineering concepts. The Foggara drainage system, which is designed to disseminate water and irrigation in arid regions, may encounter difficulty in managing excessive water during periods of heavy rainfall or water content. Surface flooding and potential impacts on the Ouasis garden have been caused by a slight increase in water flow rate in Bouda Ksar-Adrar, located in south-western Algeria. Hazards related to hydraulic overload, system deterioration, material transportation damage, and impacts on water quality can be intensified by the system's openings and leakage. reducing risks and guaranteeing water sustainability necessitates addressing leaks and apertures in the Foggara Line. It is also imperative to incorporate climate change adaptation measures into the management of the Foggara network. To prevent possible waterlogging and flooding in the Foggara network during heavy rainfall, drainage systems should be improved with French drains, stormwater retention ponds, and surface conduits. Direct flooding can be prevented by raising tunnels, reinforcing them with waterproof covers, and constructing overflow channels to divert water away from vulnerable areas.