THE DESIGN AND MODELING OF HARD-RADIATION SPECTROGRAPHS FOR RECORDING OF THE FAST-FLOWING PROCESSES

Hard radiation spectra are associated with fast-flowing thermonuclear processes. For the registration of hard radiation spectra, a new generation of semiconductor detectors is developed and modeled. Their main difference is the presence in their composition of chemical elements with large atomic numbers. In particular, Pb and Lu, which are part of CsPbBr3 and Lu(SiO)5 crystals. The calculations of the detector design were performed using Giant4 open-source codes (Geant4 – School, 2024), which is an integrated engineering and physics constructor. The energy range of particles and quanta accompanying lightning flashes has been preliminarily determined. It was obtained that the totality of mechanisms of energy losses of quanta and particles in lightning discharges points to the energy interval (0.001 – 2) MeV. The necessary calculations have been carried out in order to select affordable, minimize the size and structure of the detection systems planned for operation. The detailed tracks of quanta, the values of energy losses, and their relation to the amplitudes of current pulses delivered to the high-voltage preamplifier are determined. The selection of a suitable electronic interface has been carried out, demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of fabrication and operation of the obtained detector-spectrograph. In particular, the possibility of its operation under normal conditions, which does not require deep cooling, was revealed. Two varieties of detectors were modeled and constructed. A two-layer one, with a silicon wafer of 1 mm x 1 cm x 1 cm, and either a CsPbBr3 or a Lu(SiO)5 crystal. The source of modulation of current pulses of the detector is chosen to be a directed radiation beam consisting of 50 X- or gamma-quanta. The detector efficiency is estimated. All basic elementary processes were taken into account on the basis of the Monte Carlo method. The energy of the beam entering the detector was set in the range from 1 kev to 1 MeV. At given time intervals, elementary scattering acts are visualized and tracks inside a given detector are plotted. A detailed relationship between the absorbed energy and the current pulse of a given detector is constructed.