Preparation and Characterization of Highly Conductive PVDF/PAN Conjugate Electrospun Fibrous Membranes with Embedded Silver Nanoparticles

This study reports the development of highly conductive and stretchable fibrous membranes based on PVDF/PAN conjugate electrospinning with embedded silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for wearable sensing applications. The fabrication process integrated conjugate electrospinning of PVDF/PAN, selective dissolution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to create porous networks, and uniform AgNP incorporation via adsorption-reduction. Systematic optimization revealed that 10 wt.% PVP content and 1.2 mol/L AgNO₃ concentration yielded membranes with superior electrical conductivity (874.93 S/m) and mechanical strength (2.34 MPa). The membranes demonstrated excellent strain sensing performance with a gauge factor of 12.64 within 0-30% strain and location-specific sensing capabilities: moderate movements at wrist (Δ<i>R</i>/<i>R</i>₀: 98.90-287.25%), elbow (124.65-300.24%), and fingers (177.01-483.20%) generated stable signals, while knee articulation exhibited higher sensitivity (459.60-1316.48%) but significant signal fluctuations. These results demonstrate the potential of the developed conductive porous PVDF/PAN composite fibrous membranes for applications in wearable sensors, flexible electronics, and human-machine interfaces, particularly in scenarios requiring moderate-range motion detection with high reliability and stability. The findings suggest promising opportunities for developing next-generation wearable sensing devices through the optimization of conjugate electrospun fibrous membranes.