Genetic diversity of hepatitis delta virus in Afghanistan: insights from complete genome analysis

Abstract Background A significant gap exists in the comprehensive genomic characterization of hepatitis delta virus in Afghanistan. Therefore, the primary aim of this investigation is to elucidate the molecular profile of the complete genome of HDV circulated among general population of Afghanistan. Methods Four serologically positive samples for anti-delta antibody were confirmed via real-time polymerase chain reaction and subjected to entire genome amplification using two sets of primers to generate partially overlapping segments, which were subsequently sequenced. Phylogenetic and evolutionary divergence analysis were conducted using the MEGA7 software package. Results Ultimately, the whole genomes of four HDV isolates from Afghanistan were assigned to genotype I. The amino acid composition of the hepatitis delta antigen and its functional motifs were consistent with genotype I. However, the subtype-specific amino acid signature revealed potential differences in subtypes. Conclusion Genotype I is the most common HDV genotype in analyzed samples, with potential subtype heterogeneity and no significant functional impact from HDAg variations.