Automatic extraction of Kuala Terengganu coastline using google earth engine (GEE) by automated water extraction index (AWEI)

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate changes in Kuala Terengganu’s coastline area from 2014 to 2023 using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and satellite-based images. The approach used automated satellite image searches and JavaScript to analyze specific regions, avoiding the need for downloading whole images. The GEE API code, which incorporates the Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) and Otsu Thresholding algorithms, was used to capture small shifts in the shoreline over time. The study demonstrated the global applicability of GEE for automating coastline extraction and object identification using satellite imagery. The research demonstrated the effectiveness of using satellite imagery and GEE to monitor the entire shoreline, providing crucial data for coastal adaptation and management. The study underscores the role of GEE and its API services in advancing automated shoreline extraction technologies, providing valuable insights for environmental research and coastal management.