Classification of Tidal Patterns in Malaysian Maritime Regions: Integrating from Multi-Mission Satellite Altimeter, Tidal Data and Hydrodynamic Model

Abstract The exploration of tidal variability holds fundamental significance in various practical applications such as safety navigation, port operations, coastal management, environmental planning, and scientific studies. Prior to the implementation of satellite altimeters, tide gauges functioned as the primary data sources for tidal measurements. However, the availability of tidal information was constrained, particularly in the offshore areas, owing to the sparse distribution of the tide gauge stations predominantly installed along coastal regions. Although the utilisation of advanced satellite altimetry ensures high resolution in spatio-temporal assessment, the accuracy of the derived tidal model degrades significantly near coastal areas due to complex tidal interactions influenced by hydrodynamical effects. Thus, this research undertakes a comprehensive study of tidal characteristics in Malaysian waters through the integration of diverse data sources. In this study, the multi-mission satellite altimeter, tidal data, and a hydrodynamic model are employed synergistically to estimate the major tidal constituents (K1, M2, S2, and O1) using harmonic analysis and tide model driver. Then, the tidal form factor is determined to elucidate the tidal patterns prevalent in the study area. The results contribute to the understanding of tidal behavior and provide valuable perspectives that are instrumental for infrastructure planning, environmental sustainability and maritime operations in the Malaysian maritime regions.