Circulating MicroRNAs Related to Arterial Stiffness in Adults with HIV Infection

People with HIV (PWH) have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease compared to those without HIV. This study aimed to investigate the relative serum expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with arterial stiffness, a significant marker of cardiovascular disease. A total of 36 male PWH and 36 people without HIV, matched for age, body mass index, pack years, and dyslipidemia, were included in the study. Participants with a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, cancer, or intravenous drug use were excluded. Markers of arterial stiffness, including carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and augmentation index adjusted to 75 beats per minute (AIx@75), were measured via applanation tonometry. We analyzed the relative expression of 11 circulating miRNAs using real-time PCR: let-7b-5p, miR-19b-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-126-3p, miR-130a-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-181b-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-222-3p, and miR-223-3p. cfPWV was significantly higher in PWH compared to people without HIV (9.3 vs. 8.6 m/s, <i>p</i> = 0.019), while AIx@75, peripheral, and aortic blood pressures did not differ among groups. The relative expression of circulating miRNAs was significantly higher in PWH compared to controls for let-7b-5p (fold change: 5.24, <i>p</i> = 0.027), miR-21-5p (fold change: 3.41, <i>p</i> < 0.001), miR-126-3p (fold change: 1.23, <i>p</i> = 0.019), and miR-222-3p (fold change: 3.31, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Conversely, the relative expression of circulating miR-19b-3p was significantly lower in PWH (fold change: 0.61, <i>p</i> = 0.049). Among HIV-related factors, the nadir CD4+T-cell count of <200 cells/mm³ was independently associated with the relative expression of circulating let-7b-5p (β = 0.344, <i>p</i> = 0.049), while current non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) treatment was independently associated with the relative expression of circulating miR-126-3p (β = 0.389, <i>p</i> = 0.010). No associations were found between the duration of HIV infection or the duration of ART and the serum miRNA expression. This study highlights a distinct circulating miRNA profile in PWH with higher cfPWV compared to those without HIV, which may contribute to increased arterial stiffness.