PM2.5-induced oxidative stress upregulates PLA2R expression in the lung and is involved in the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy through extracellular vesicles

Our study contributes new knowledge to the understanding of how environmental pollutants, such as PM2.5, cause kidney damage through oxidative stress and EV-mediated signaling. The findings pave the way for further research into therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress and EVs, which could potentially improve patient outcomes of MN, particularly in high-risk populations like smokers and those exposed to air pollution.