The predominant role of FliC contributes to the flagella-related pathogenicity of ST34 S. Typhimurium monophasic variant

Over the past two decades, the monophasic variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) has rapidly emerged and increased worldwide. This upsurge is especially true for the European clone of the ST34 S. Typhimurium monophasic variant. The key distinction between ST34 S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant is that the genes that encode for second-phase flagellin (FljB) and the regions around it have been replaced with various multidrug resistance cassettes. To determine if the loss of fljB or the retention of fliC,-the gene coding for first-phase flagellin (FliC)-, would impact its pathogenicity, we constructed various mutations, including deletions of fljB, fliC, fliC/fljB, and strains where fliC was replaced with fljB. Our results showed that the loss of fljB in ST34 S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant does not affect bacterial motility, cell infection ability, survival in macrophages, induced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, virulence, or persistent infection in mice. However, the deletion of fliC caused a significant decrease in these outcomes for both strains, while the replacement of fliC with fljB only partially restored these capabilities. Consequently, we determined that FliC is predominant in the flagellar expression of ST34 S. Typhimurium other than FljB. This finding demonstrates that replacing the fljB gene with various resistance regions in ST34 S. Typhimurium monophasic variants can enhance bacterial survival under specific antibiotic farming practices and spread globally.