Training in Lumbar Pedicle Screw Instrumentation Using a 3D-Printed Model: From Validation to Transferability Onto a Cadaver Model

Lumbar pedicle screw placement in spinal surgery is complex and prone to errors, with notable risks to patients. Standard training methods, such as mentorship in operating rooms, pose safety concerns, prompting the need for alternative training tools. This study aimed to validate and use a three-dimensional (3D)-printed simulation model for lumbar pedicle screw insertion training and assess its effectiveness compared with standard methods. The study proceeded through four phases: model design and validation, construct validation, learning curve assessment, and transfer to a cadaver model. A 3D-printed lumbar spine model was created and refined based on expert feedback. Construct validation demonstrated the model's ability to differentiate between experts and novices. Training sessions with residents showed a notable improvement in performance over multiple attempts, but performance still lagged that of experts. However, skills learned on the simulation model were effectively transferred to a cadaver model, with no notable difference in performance observed. The trained group outperformed a control group trained using standard methods in the cadaver test. The study concludes that the 3D-printed simulation model is a valid training tool for lumbar pedicle screw insertion, effectively transferring skills to a cadaver setting and improving resident performance compared with standard training methods. Additional research is warranted to explore the sustainability of acquired skills and optimize training protocols.