Dissipative heat transfer in blood-based ternary hybrid nanofluids through a parallel channel with entropy optimization: The case of biomedical applications

This research aims to enhance heat transfer and optimize entropy in blood-based ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNs) flowing through a parallel channel. These THNs consist of silver (Ag), silicon dioxide ( Si O 2 ), and magnetite ( Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles suspended in blood, forming a mixture of Si O 2 + Fe 3 O 4 + Ag /blood base-fluid. To enhance the originality of the study, it explores different factors that influence heat dissipation, such as viscous heating, Joule heating, and thermal radiation. Understanding these factors is crucial for numerous biomedical applications, specifically improving drug delivery systems. The micropolar fluid model is adopted to account for the micro-rotational influences. The proposed system of dimensional equations is converted into a non-dimensional form using similarity rules. Subsequently, the Spectral collocation method with assistance from Mathematica 11.3 software is applied to solve the transformed system. The findings show that both the Eckert number and the magnetic field parameter play an important role in enhancing the heat transfer rate in ternary hybrid nanofluids. These findings provide valuable insights into improving heat transfer processes in biomedical applications, particularly in situations where it's important to deliver drugs effectively and maintain their thermal stability.