How has higher education developed in India? Evidence using a “benefit-of-the-doubt” based multidimensional index approach

Purpose This study analyzes the disparities and growth of higher education by constructing a composite index of higher education development (HEDI) across 31 Indian states and union territories (UTs) for the period from 2012 to 2021. Design/methodology/approach We develop an all-encompassing multidimensional index of higher education development (HEDI) by using a constrained “benefit-of-the-doubt” (BoD) model based on data envelopment analysis (DEA). The states and UTs are then ranked according to their respective HEDI scores. Findings The empirical findings reveal significant disparities in higher education development across states and UTs in India. States like Tamil Nadu, Chandigarh, and Puducherry exhibit higher performance. In contrast, Bihar, Odisha, and Tripura relatively show underdevelopment and need greater focus. The dimensions of outcome and infrastructure and financial resources are the most neglected and require greater attention in higher education. Originality/value The study is perhaps a pioneer in proposing a composite index to map the development of higher education across the Indian states and UTs using an innovative approach of DEA-based BoD methodology. The index provides educationists and policymakers with the current state of the spatial development of higher education, enabling the government to make informed decisions.