Assessing the Proposed Designation of Nusa Penida and Gili Matra in the Lombok Strait as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA)

Abstract The Lombok Strait, located in the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane (IASL) II, serves as an international shipping route and is also crossed by ferries between Bali and Lombok Islands. The potential increase in international shipping trafBic could pose a threat of marine pollution due to shipping activities, such as ship accidents and operational discharges from ships. There are two areas in the Lombok Strait that have been designated as national marine conservation areas by the Indonesia government, namely Nusa Penida Island and Gili Matra Island. The rich marine biodiversity of the Lombok Strait, especially in Nusa Penida and the Gili Islands, should be protected from the threats posed by international shipping activities. This study aims to assess the necessity of designating the Lombok Strait as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA). The newly established routing systems, TrafBic Separation Schemes (TSS) in the Lombok Strait, can be adopted as Associated Protective Measures (APMs) within the designation of a PSSA. Risk assessment was implemented to demonstrate the exposed risks of international shipping activities that could threaten the marine ecosystem and evaluate the effectiveness of the TSS as an associated protective measure. Based on reviews to meet at least one of the criteria for designation as a PSSA, Nusa Penida and Gili Matra have its the signiBicance of its ecological, socio-economic & culture, and marine trafBic characteristics. The total annual frequency of ship collision is 3.32E-03. In conclusion, the implementation of TSS as the existing APM has proven effective in reducing the risk of ship collision in Lombok Straits by 60.3% compared to frequency ship collision before TSS.