Nonuniqueness of lattice Boltzmann schemes derived from finite difference methods

Recently, the construction of finite difference schemes from lattice Boltzmann schemes has been rigorously analyzed [Bellotti et al. (2022), Numer. Math. 152, pp. 1–40]. It is thus known that any lattice Boltzmann scheme can be expressed in terms of a corresponding multi-step finite difference scheme on the conserved variables. In the present work, we provide counterexamples for the conjecture that any multi-step finite difference scheme has a unique lattice Boltzmann formulation. Based on that, we indicate the existence of equivalence classes for discretized relaxation systems.