Machine learning-based prediction of the C/N ratio in municipal organic waste

Carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio plays a crucial role in managing organic waste in urban settings as it facilitates composting processes and nutrient reclamation. Encouraging composting and nutrient recovery aids in diminishing the waste disposal in landfills and mitigating the associated greenhouse gas emissions. This research uses machine learning techniques to predict carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio of organic waste present in municipal solid waste (MSW). The actual data, sourced from the Solid Waste Management Organization in Mashhad County, Iran consists of chemical analyses related to organic waste component in 17 cities. Factors such as percentage of organic waste, moisture content, ash content, pH level, and C/N ratio offer valuable information on the characteristics of organic waste. Cubic spline curve fitting is employed to interpolate the data, and subsequently, the dataset is partitioned into training and testing sets to aid in model development and evaluation. Five machine learning models (AdaBoost, Random Forest, Extra Trees, Decision Tree, and CatBoost) are utilized, and a systematic exploration of hyperparameters is conducted. The Extra Trees model exhibited outstanding accuracy, with R² values of 1.0 for the training phase and 0.97 for the testing phase, accompanied by minimal Mean Squared Error (MSE) values of 0 and 0.114, respectively. Furthermore, this investigation utilized SHAP analysis to examine the importance of features, uncovering that ash content (%) emerged as the most significant factor in forecasting the C/N ratio. Thus, the Extra Trees model emerges as a reliable instrument for forecasting the C/N ratio across 17 municipalities within Mashhad County. • Extra Trees model demonstrates superior performance with lowest errors and highest R 2 in predictions. • SHAP analysis exposes vital features in prioritizing the comprehension of waste composition. • Accuracy of C/N ratio using data interpolation is increased by using cubic spline curves.