Ears, Nose, and Throat in Leukemias and Lymphomas

Leukemias and lymphomas, encompassing a spectrum of hematologic malignancies, often exhibit manifestations in various tissues and organs, including the ears, nose, and throat (ENT) region, extending beyond the typical sites of bone marrow and lymph nodes. This manuscript explores these interactions, considering disease-related symptoms and treatment effects. ENT symptoms, such as otalgia, hearing loss, and nasal obstruction, may arise from direct infiltration or treatment complications, with chemotherapy-induced ototoxicity being particularly characteristic. Furthermore, immunotherapy complications, including cytokine release syndrome and mucosal irritation, can also contribute to ENT symptoms. Additionally, targeted therapy and radiotherapy can lead to mucosal dryness, dysphonia, and radiation-induced otitis media. Patients with hematologic malignancies are especially vulnerable to various ENT infections, including bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, due to compromised immunity resulting from both the disease and its treatments. Conditions such as rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and pharyngitis pose significant management challenges. Moreover, patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) face unique ENT considerations, including mucositis, opportunistic infections, and graft-versus-host disease in cases of allogeneic HSCT. These patients require specialized pre-transplant evaluations, meticulous post-transplant surveillance, and tailored assistance to mitigate complications. This manuscript underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that integrates diagnostics, pharmacological interventions, and supportive care to address both disease-related and treatment-induced ENT manifestations. Further research is needed to refine management strategies and improve outcomes in this complex clinical population.