Fabrication and characterization of single-wall carbon nanotube and its biocompatibility to human hepatocytes

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have emerged as promising nanocarriers for targeted cancer drug delivery due to their unique structural properties. However, their cytotoxicity remains a significant challenge, as the biocompatibility of SWCNTs with human cells, particularly hepatocytes, is crucial for their clinical application. The toxicity of SWCNTs is influenced by factors such as nanoparticle size, morphology, surface chemistry, and the presence of impurities. In this study, we aimed to synthesize highly pure SWCNTs and assess their biocompatibility with human hepatocyte cells. SWCNTs were fabricated using a modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, followed by a two-step acid purification technique. Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy confirmed a high purity level of 99.8 %. The biocompatibility of the purified SWCNTs was evaluated using an in vitro model with human hepatocytes. Results indicated that high concentrations of SWCNTs (>50 μg/ml) significantly reduced cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage, and elevated lipid peroxidation, while simultaneously suppressing antioxidant enzyme activity. Flow cytometry analysis further revealed that exposure to high concentrations of SWCNTs induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. Molecular analysis of key biomarkers demonstrated upregulation of TNF-α, IL1β, NF-kB, and iNOS, alongside downregulation of nrf2 gene and protein expression. These alterations contribute to the mechanisms underlying SWCNT-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human hepatocyte cells. Despite the high purity of SWCNTs, their cytotoxic effects may be attributed to their inherent physical properties, including rigidity, surface area, and fiber length. In conclusion, while SWCNTs hold great potential for cancer drug delivery, managing their toxicity remains critical for their future therapeutic applications.