A Flexible Body-Conformable Ultrasound Transducer Array for Neuromodulation Applications

Ultrasound neuromodulation offers a noninvasive treatment for neuropathic diseases, providing exceptional spatial resolution and deeper penetration than electrical neural stimulation. However, existing ultrasound transducers face challenges in precise targeting, adjustable treatment areas, and patient comfort. This study presents a flexible body-conformable ultrasound transducer array (FBUTA) designed for precise and comfortable neuromodulation. Utilizing advanced flexible materials, the FBUTA comprises 6 × 6 elements with a center frequency of 0.67 MHz, demonstrating excellent uniformity and stability across all elements, as well as superior mechanical performance. It adapts well to various body curvatures and achieves effective beam control in both planar and spherical shapes, with a lateral resolution smaller than 3 mm. The FBUTA can generate acoustic pressures up to 0.5 MPa with an excitation voltage of 36 V, making it suitable for neuromodulation applications. Additionally, it shows promise for scalable manufacturing and improved therapeutic outcomes.