Exploring barriers and enablers of last-mile crowdshipping: understanding the motivation of potential groups of crowdshippers in the slovenian context

Abstract The impact of motivational and demotivational factors on the willingness to work (WTW) as crowdshippers, specifically focusing on different groups of crowdshippers, has been largely neglected or overlooked in the literature. This study therefore aims to address this gap by determining and examining a comprehensive set of potential factors that either hinder or encourage the WTW of crowdshippers and tests their impact on four key groups of potential crowdshippers in Slovenia: employed individuals, retirees, students, and unemployed. Significant interactions between the groups and statistical differences between them were detected using the significance level and correlation approaches. The findings of this study confirm that not only are potential crowdshipper groups heterogeneous, but there is also heterogeneity within crowdshipper groups such as retirees and students. Furthermore, the study highlights that the influence of these factors slightly varies depending on the specific business models (business to customer and business to business).