Residue-Level Multiview Deep Learning for ATP Binding Site Prediction and Applications in Kinase Inhibitors

Accurate identification of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding sites is crucial for understanding cellular functions and advancing drug discovery, particularly in targeting kinases for cancer treatment. Existing methods face significant challenges due to their reliance on time-consuming precomputed features and the heavily imbalanced nature of binding site data without further investigations on their utility in drug discovery. To address these limitations, we introduced Multiview-ATPBind and ResiBoost. Multiview-ATPBind is an end-to-end deep learning model that integrates one-dimensional (1D) sequence and three-dimensional (3D) structural information for rapid and precise residue-level pocket-ligand interaction predictions. Additionally, ResiBoost is a novel residue-level boosting algorithm designed to mitigate data imbalance by enhancing the prediction of rare positive binding residues. Our approach outperforms state-of-the-art models on benchmark data sets, showing significant improvements in balanced metrics with both experimental and AI-predicted structures. Furthermore, our model seamlessly transfers to predicting binding sites and enhancing docking simulations for kinase inhibitors, including imatinib and dasatinib, underscoring the potential of our method in drug discovery applications.