Optimization of LYSO crystals and SiPM parameters for the CMS MIP timing detector
Abstract For the High-Luminosity (HL-LHC) phase, the upgrade of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN will include a novel MIP Timing Detector (MTD). The central part of MTD, the barrel timing layer (BTL), is designed to provide a measurement of the time of arrival of charged particles with a precision of 30 ps at the beginning of HL-LHC, progressively degrading to 60 ps while operating in an extremely harsh radiation environment for over a decade. In this paper we present a comparative analysis of the time resolution of BTL module prototypes made of LYSO:Ce crystal bars read out by silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs). The timing performance measured in beam test campaigns is presented for prototypes with different construction and operation parameters, such as different SiPM cell sizes (15, 20, 25 and 30 μm), SiPM manufacturers and crystal bar thicknesses. The evolution of time resolution as a function of the irradiation level has been studied using non-irradiated SiPMs as well as SiPMs exposed up to 2 × 10 14 n eq /cm 2 fluence. The key parameters defining the module time resolution such as SiPM characteristics (gain, photon detection efficiency, radiation induced dark count rate) and crystal properties (light output and dimensions) are discussed. These results have informed the final choice of the MTD barrel sensor configuration and offer a unique starting point for the design of future large-area scintillator-based timing detectors in either low or high radiation environments.
Authors
- F. Lombardi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0229-4391)
- G. Sorrentino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2253-819X)
- F. De Guio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5927-8865)
- José María (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0122-1468)
- Enrique Fernández (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5368-0447)
- Thomas R. Anderson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7408-1566)
- P. Carniti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7820-2732)
- M. T. Lucchini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7497-7450)
- L. Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7011-6875)
- Antra Gaile (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1350-3523)
- Z. Hu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-4343)
- Robert Bianco
- Andrea Claudio Maria Bulla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5924-4286)
- K. De Leo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8908-409X)
- F. Riggi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-8377)
- Silvia Ronchi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6012-4759)
- B. Ujvari
- C. Gotti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2501-9608)
- J.C. Silva
- F. M. Addesa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0484-5804)
- P. Barria (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3924-7380)
- A. La Torre
- T. Tabarelli de Fatis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-4685)
- A. Bethani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8150-7043)
- X. Sun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4409-4574)
- R. Goldouzian
- Braden Kronheim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0704-0972)
- Stefano Redaelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8181-3641)
- C. Kuo
- R. Bertoni
- Simona Palluotto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1025-6337)
- M. Paganoni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2461-275X)
- P. Meridiani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8480-2259)
- Chiara Basile (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4486-6482)
- A. Heering
- N. Redaelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0098-2716)
- M. Campana
- G. Pessina
- G. Reales Gutiérrez
- A. Krishna
- Valentina Guglielmi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3240-7393)
- Y. Mao
- A. Benaglia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1124-8450)
- M. Gallinaro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1261-2277)
- Y. Musienko
- J. Varela
- R. Paramatti
- A. Karneyeu
- C. Palmer
- A. Ghezzi
- M. Wayne
- G. Organtini
- S. White
- C. Quaranta
- Christopher Neu
- G. Boldrini
- Adolf Bornheim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-0871)
- A. Li
- F. Santanastasio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2505-8359)
- B. Marzocchi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6687-6214)
- John Dervan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3931-0845)
- M. Zhang
- T. Orimoto
- I. Schmidt
- A. Boletti
- B. Cardwell
- R. T. Perelman
- M. Tosi
- M. Malberti
- P. Dini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3061-1553)
- Jing Wang
Institutions
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- Boston University (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Northeastern University (US)
- University of Debrecen (HU)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- University of Cagliari (IT)
- Kansas State University (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- Riga Technical University (LV)
- Peking University (CN)
- LIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (PT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cagliari (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology
- University of Virginia (US)
- University of Turin (IT)
- University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CH)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Tsinghua University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Instrumentation
- Published
- 2024-12-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/12/p12020
- Citations
- 7
- Primary Topic
- Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 4.25