Energy Efficiency Optimization of Wireless Sensor Networks with K-Means Integration

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), optimizing energy consumption and ensuring efficient data transmission are crucial for network longevity and performance. This paper introduces an enhanced clustering technique for wireless sensor networks that aims to extend network lifetime and ensure reliable data delivery. Instead of regular K-Means clustering, we integrate the Silhouette score method to evaluate cluster quality and decide the optimal number of clusters. This improves how nodes are grouped together in the network. Additionally, we strategically select routing paths from cluster heads to the base station that minimize energy drainage. Comprehensive simulations show our dual optimization approach outperforms standard K-Means in terms of energy efficiency, stable network organization and effective data transmission and overall, the proposed improvements to clustering and routing significantly advance energy-constrained wireless sensor networks toward more sustainable and dependable real-world applications.