Effect of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Leaf extracts concentration in the optical, structure, morphology analysis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles

This study investigated the influence of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (EGE) leaf extract concentration on the green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. The results revealed that EGE effectively fabricated TiO₂ nanoparticles from titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) with varying crystal structures and morphologies. FT-IR analysis identified bioactive compounds in EGE, including alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and steroids, which likely played a role in the hydrolysis and stabilization. The concentration of EGE significantly impacted the nanoparticle properties. Anatase was the dominant crystal phase at 20% EGE, while rutile and brookite were observed at lower and higher concentrations, respectively. The bandgap of TiO₂ nanoparticles increased with increasing EGE extract concentration. The morphology of TiO₂ nanoparticles transitioned from needle-like at 10% EGE to rod-like at 20% EGE and then to larger rod-like structures at 30% EGE. FESEM and TEM images revealed that the morphology of TiO 2 nanoparticles varied with the EGE extract concentration. At lower concentrations, well-defined rod-like structures were observed, while at higher concentrations, the morphology became less defined. The EDX spectra confirmed the presence of Ti and O in the synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles, indicating a stoichiometric composition. These findings demonstrate the potential of EGE as a sustainable hydrolyzing agent for synthesizing TiO₂ nanoparticles with tunable properties.