The Utilisation of Coconut Shell (Cocos Nucifera) as a Partial Aggregate Replacement on the Properties of Concrete in Terms of Thermal Behaviour

Green environments or environmentally friendly buildings have increasingly captured the attention of researchers. This concept involves the reuse of waste materials to enhance or create new products. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the utilization of fine coconut shell (FCS) as a partial substitute for sand, focusing on its applications with varying percentages from 10% to 100% on the properties of concrete in terms of thermal conductivity. The initial phase of the research concentrated on characterizing the properties of fine coconut shell and sand using methods such as sieve analysis, laser diffraction sieve technique, specific gravity tests, bulk density measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water absorption tests. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of fine coconut shell in concrete, replacing sand partially, were evaluated through slump tests, compressive strength tests, flexural strength tests, modulus of elasticity tests, splitting tensile strength tests, water absorption tests, and water permeability tests. The second phase of the study focused on exploring the low thermal conductivity applications of fine coconut shell concrete, assessed through thermal conductivity tests (k-value) and thermal resistance (r-value) calculations. Upon collecting data, a relationship analysis was conducted to determine the optimal percentage of fine coconut shell replacement. Using this optimal percentage, wall panels were constructed to assess heat penetration into buildings, and the temperature data was validated using Autodesk Ecotect software. The findings indicated that fine coconut shell particles were finer (≤ 600 μm) compared to sand (4.25 mm - 150 μm). In terms of mechanical properties, concrete containing fine coconut shell as a partial replacement for fine aggregate demonstrated superior performance to normal concrete. Moreover, the thermal conductivity values of specimens containing coconut shell were lower than those of normal concrete. In conclusion, the study determined that replacing 50% of fine aggregate with fine coconut shell was optimal, meeting British Standard requirements and aligning with previous research findings.