Nature, Buildings, and Humans: Residents’ Perceptions of Well-Being in Permanent Supportive Housing

Over half a million people in the U.S. experience homelessness. Permanent supportive housing (PSH) aims to house and support formerly unhoused individuals. Few studies have considered how PSH building design affects residents’ well-being. Our work investigates the impact of built features, particularly biophilic features (e.g., indoor greenery), on the stress and sense of belonging of PSH residents. We interviewed and surveyed 28 residents of two buildings on their well-being and their environment, and conducted thematic and content analyses. Among built features, participants mentioned building upkeep and noise as most consequential for their well-being. Biophilic features improved well-being by providing multi-sensory stimuli and increasing perceived control. Overall, interpersonal relationships and perceived safety were the most mentioned themes for well-being. While meeting basic needs is essential for residents’ well-being, our findings show that building design also matters. We provide recommendations to inform future PSH development.