Conservation Strategies for Endangered Species in the Forests Utilizing Landscape Connectivity Models

Urban expansion leads to changes in land use, and the resulting habitat fragmentation increases the risk of species extinction. Therefore, strategies to connect fragmented habitats for wildlife conservation are required, but past research has focused mainly on large mammals and specific species, and there has been a lack of research on habitat connectivity in Korea. In the present study, we sought to design an ecological network for the conservation of endangered forest wildlife (leopard cat, yellow-throated marten, and Siberian flying squirrel) in Pyeongchang, Gangwon State, Korea. The InVEST habitat quality and MaxEnt models were used to predict forest areas with excellent habitat quality and a high probability of the occurrence of endangered wildlife. We then used Linkage Mapper to identify corridors and bottlenecks that connect fragmented habitats within the study area. The quality of these corridors and the environmental features of the pinch points were also analyzed. The results showed that the area outside of Pyeongchang is the most likely area for endangered forest wildlife habitats and occurrence. A total of seven core areas were identified, and 12 corridors connecting the core areas were identified. The highest quality corridors were those connecting forest areas outside of Pyeongchang because they had a high habitat quality with alternative paths of least resistance. We also identified sections with high pinch points in all corridors, and these points tended to have high elevation, a southern aspect, a long distance from agricultural land and water bodies, low traffic density, and low building density. ANOVA revealed that the environmental variables associated with high pinch points, least-cost paths, and Pyeongchang in general exhibited statistically significant differences. These results demonstrate that the proposed conservation planning model can be applied to multiple species using a corridor-integrated mapping approach and produces quantitative figures for the targeted improvement of ecological connectivity in forests according to local characteristics, including biodiversity. As such, this approach can be utilized as the basis for the selection and management of protected forest areas and for environmental impact assessment. However, because this study had data limitations, field surveys and the monitoring of target species are needed. Once these limitations are addressed, a quantitative conservation plan can be established based on the ecological characteristics of endangered forest wildlife.