A methodological framework integrating land use land cover and ecosystem services for optimal urban land management

Abstract Urban planning is a crucial element in the sustainable development of cities, with increasing recognition of the critical role of ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are essential for urban well-being, and their effectiveness is closely linked to the spatial organization of land use. This study investigated the intricate relationship between land use and land cover (LULC) and ecosystem services (ES). To achieve optimal land use management, we propose a methodology that utilizes coupling coordination degree (CCD) and system dynamics (SD) modeling. This study acknowledges the impact of LULC on ecosystem services and suggests that controlling LULC can be an effective tool in managing and enhancing these services. The degree of coupling coordination serves as a valuable metric for examining the intricate nature of the interactions between LULC and ecosystem services. By quantifying the degree of coordination between these two systems, we get insights into the modeling of the dynamics of the LULC and ES systems. The control factors influencing these interactions can be identified using factors, interactions, risks, and ecological detectors in the geographic detector analysis process. System dynamic modeling enhances our ability to capture and understand the complex relationships within an urban ecosystem. By creating a dynamic model, we can better control and predict the factors that influence LULC and ecosystem services. This study contributes to the development of a methodological framework for urban planners, policymakers, and researchers to optimize land-use management and promote sustainable and resilient cities. The proposed methodology establishes a foundation for future research and applications in urban planning and ecosystem management.