Identification of groundwater flow on ex-mining area using the self potential method as an initial stage of post-mining site reclamation at Red Hill, Bangka

Abstract The Red Hill area in Bangka Regency, one of the largest former mining sites on Bangka Island, remains largely unreclaimed, presenting opportunities for sustainable rehabilitation. This study utilizes the Self-Potential (SP) method to map groundwater flow patterns as a foundation for post-mining reclamation efforts. SP data were collected along eight survey lines, covering 150-250 meters each, in the Ampar Lake area. The analysis reveals SP anomalies ranging from -117 mV to 86,696 mV, indicating significant variations in electric potential linked to groundwater movement. High-potential zones were identified as recharge areas, while low-potential zones indicate discharge areas, suggesting a regional groundwater flow from northeast to southwest. These findings establish a preliminary understanding of groundwater behavior in the Red Hill area, providing a basis for targeted reclamation to support agricultural, educational, and ecotourism initiatives.