Assessing carbon footprint from cattle in insemination farming, Malang Indonesia

Abstract Ruminants such as cattle and goats are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Methane is produced through enteric fermentation in ruminants and their manure management practices, while nitrous oxide emissions stem from the utilization of animal manure. At the Singosari Artificial Insemination Centre (BBIB), there are around 180 male cattle and 140 goats, this study was conducted to assess methane and nitrous oxide emissions from these animals and arrange the strategies for emission reduction. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology was implemented to calculate emissions, whereas the methane levels was determined by using local factors (Tier-2) and nitrous oxide levels using default for Asian countries. TOPSIS analysis was chosen to identify the key strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, considering technical, cost, and environmental criteria. Three strategies for carbon emission reduction are community-based livestock biogas initiatives (BATAMAS), organic fertilizer processing units (UPPO), improved manure storage systems, and the provision of high-quality animal feed. Findings revealed methane emissions of 286.10 tonnes CO 2 -eq/year or 1.59 tonnes Co 2-eq /head/year, mainly from enteric fermentation, and nitrous oxide emissions totaling 2.75 tonnes CO 2 -eq/year or 0.015 tonnes CO 2 -eq/head/year from direct livestock manure management.