Narrative review on tissue and organ cryopreservation research related to regenerative medicine: from early attempts to future possibilities

The development of organ transplantation and cryopreservation has transformed modern transplantation and regenerative medicine. This review explores these interlinked fields, focusing on their convergence and mutual influence on modern transplant practices. Initially evolving independently, organ transplantation and cryobiology have advanced in tandem, with each field’s breakthroughs shaping the other. While organ transplantation has made remarkable strides, it remains constrained by the limited availability and preservation of viable organs. Cryopreservation offers a solution, enabling longer-term storage and broader access to organs for transplantation. This review traces the history of organ transplantation, emphasizing milestones that have improved recipient outcomes. It also examines cryopreservation techniques, such as directional freezing and vitrification, which show promise for maintaining tissues and organs over extended periods. However, challenges remain, particularly for preserving large, complex organs. Issues such as ice formation, cellular damage, and rewarming must be addressed to enhance the viability of cryopreserved organs. Key research barriers include the development of non-toxic cryoprotectants, advanced cryogenic equipment for precise temperature control, and anti-rejection therapies. By addressing these challenges, cryopreservation can help tackle critical organ shortages, enabling sustainable and flexible organ banks that improve access to life-saving transplants. The integration of regenerative medicine with cryopreservation could revolutionize transplantation, fostering personalized approaches and improving clinical outcomes. This review underscores the transformative potential of cryopreservation to create reliable organ banks, advance regenerative medicine, and save lives globally.