Fuzzy Logic Approach for Evaluating Electromobility Alternatives in Last-Mile Delivery: Belgrade as a Case Study

This paper proposes a methodology based on the fuzzy approach, which provides decision-making support to the organizer of last-mile delivery (LMD) in selecting sustainable delivery models for a specific territory. Solving this task is essential to ensure that the delivery process is efficient and aligned with all three dimensions of sustainable development. The goal is to select the most suitable electromobility alternative for delivery implementation based on the characteristics of the requirements and the current circumstances. The proposed methodology involves the creation of a mechanism consisting of a series of fuzzy logic systems that will model expert opinions and produce a preference value as the output, defining the suitability of applying a particular LMD model. A specific methodological contribution is the creation of harmonized membership functions for fuzzy variables as a result of comparing symmetric and asymmetric membership functions aimed at achieving the most valid results. The results guide the delivery organizer in making the best decision when choosing from the analyzed models. The applicability and adequacy of the methodology are demonstrated through the results and analysis of a case study focused on the evaluation of electromobility alternatives in last-mile delivery in a part of the city of Belgrade. The obtained preference values, which range from 0 to 1 for all tested variants, are as follows within the interval: [0.481, 0.776] for e-motorcycles, [0.376, 0.564] for e-cargo bikes, and [0.5, 0.624] for e-scooters. The specific values of these indicators aim to support decision-makers in selecting a delivery model for a defined task based on the given constraints.