Potential Effects of Exercise-Induced Alterations in the Gut Microbiome and Its Metabolites on Cerebrovascular Health and Alzheimer’s Disease

PURPOSE: This review aimed to explore the potential effects of exercise-induced alterations in the gut microbiome and its metabolites on cognitive function and cerebrovascular health, focusing on the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD).METHODS: We used academic search engines, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online Library, to gather studies on the gut-brain axis, exercise-induced changes in the gut microbiota, and their impact on cerebrovascular health and AD. Keywords used in the search included ‘gut microbiome,’ ‘cerebrovascular health,’ ‘cognitive function,’ ‘Alzheimer’s disease,’ and ‘exercise.’RESULTS: Exercise-induced modifications in the gut microbiome, particularly an increase in beneficial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are associated with improved neurovascular function. SCFAs, especially butyrate, exert protective effects on the blood-brain barrier and reduce neuroinflammation. Conversely, metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) contribute to vascular inflammation and cognitive decline. Regular exercise enhances microbiome diversity, promotes a favorable environment for cerebrovascular health, and potentially mitigates the progression of AD.CONCLUSIONS: Exercise-driven improvements in the gut microbiota composition and metabolite production may offer a non-pharmacological approach to prevent cerebrovascular dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases. Future research should focus on identifying the optimal exercise regimens to maximize gut health and cerebrovascular protection.