Finding determinants of leisure participation among older adults in Kosovo: a cross-sectional study

Background. The proportion of the population over 65 years is continuously increasing worldwide. This trend reflects global patterns, emphasizing the need for policies that promote active aging. Aim. To investigate participation in leisure activities and compare it with sociodemographic variables among older adults in Kosovo. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out among individuals aged 65 and older in three largest cities in Kosovo. The assessment of leisure activities was performed using the validated Leisure Participation Questionnaire, which includes 25 activities categorized into four types: recreational (physical), cognitive, social, and productive. The frequency of participation was evaluated on a 6-point scale, and its relationship with sociodemographic factors was examined through multiple linear regression analysis. Results. 366 participants completed the questionnaire (53.3% women; 46.7% men). The majority were married (69.4%) and lived with their families (66.4%). Overall, the most commonly reported daily activity was watching TV (52.7%), while the least common was fishing (0.3%). Factors associated with lower recreational activity included older age (B = -0.30, p < 0.01), being female (B = -0.33, p < 0.01), graduating from primary education (B = -0.40, p < 0.01), poor health (B = -0.45, p < 0.01), and having a chronic illness (B = -0.22, p < 0.01). Conclusions. Several sociodemographic variables (i.e., education level, overall health condition, gender, and locality) were significant determinants of leisure participation among older adults in Kosovo. Keywords: active aging; physical activity; leisure engagement .