THE ROLE OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS OF MYOPIA

Background. The urgency of the problem of myopia lies primarily in its high prevalence in the world. In addition, the global economic costs of treatment and losses due to reduced working capacity of the population due to vision-threatening complications of this pathology are important and significant. In Ukraine, among the diseases of the eye and accessory apparatus in children, myopia is most often detected. According to the most recent data, by 2050, more than half of the population of Eastern Europe may have this refraction anomaly. Over the past few decades, numerous polymorphisms have been discovered in hundreds of genes that are associated with myopia because they control the growth and development of eyeball structures, signal transmission from the retina to the sclera, remodeling of the latter, and other biochemical processes in the eye. Genes whose polymorphisms are associated with myopia are responsible for modulating the growth and development of eyeball structures, signal transmission from the retina to the sclera, remodeling of the latter, and other biochemical processes in the eye that are involved in the pathogenesis of myopia. A stable association with myopia was established for such genetic polymorphisms as rs6214 of the IGF1 gene, rs339501 of the FGF10, and rs644242 of PAX6. With the discovery of new genes associated with myopia, as well as the study of the epigenetic architecture of this pathology, it will be possible to understand in more detail the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenesis, and the possibilities of medicine will increase in identifying individuals from risk groups for better treatment, management, and prevention of myopia development and complications. Conclusion. The data on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis of myopia were analyzed and systematized, and the influence of genetic polymorphisms on the risks of its occurrence and progression was clarified.