Characteristics of knowledge and stigma of autism spectrum disorder among university students in Jordan: a nationwide cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and repetitive behaviors. It often coexists with other mental health conditions like depression. Despite growing awareness, stigma and limited understanding persist, particularly in Jordan, influencing medical help-seeking behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and stigma among medical and non-medical students towards ASD. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted between June and July 2024, examined knowledge and stigma toward ASD among undergraduate students in Jordan. Using a convenience sample, data were collected via self-administered surveys on social media and at universities. The Autism Sigma and Knowledge Questionnaire (ASK-Q) assessed participants’ knowledge and stigma. Statistical analysis included Chi-square and multiple linear regression. Results The questionnaire was completed by 1200 students, with a mean age of 21.11 ± 1.73 years, and 725 (60.4%) female respondents. Good economic status was reported by 945 (78.8%) participants, and 886 (73.8%) lived in urban areas. Medical students made up 811 (67.6%) of the sample, and 328 (27.3%) had prior knowledge of autism. The mean knowledge score was 44.50 ± 13.70, with significant associations found between knowledge subscales (diagnosis, etiology, treatment) and factors like gender, marital status, major, and prior knowledge. Urban residence, medical studies, and prior knowledge were positive predictors of higher knowledge scores. Stigma was reported by 18.3% of students, influenced by location, major, and prior autism knowledge. Conclusion This study reveals knowledge gaps about ASD among Jordanian students, where medical students were a positive factor for having stigma, underscoring empathy-based education’s importance.