Sikh Community Between Integration and Assimilation: A Case Study of Belgium

This study investigates the Sikh community in Belgium, emphasizing their endeavors to achieve a balance between integration and assimilation while preserving their cultural and religious identity. Using a case study approach, it analyzes the Sikh diaspora’s interaction with Belgian norms and institutions through the lenses of assimilation, multiculturalism, and transnationalism. The research identifies various challenges, including the preservation of identity, experiences of discrimination, and the effects of Belgium’s integration policies on the community. Since the 1970s, approximately 10,000 Sikhs from India have settled in Belgium, initially finding limited opportunities and working in labor, military, and agriculture. Over time, the second and third generations have transitioned towards business and social integration. Nevertheless, the community continues to experience political marginalization and remains disconnected from the Khalistan movement due to its limited political clout. While certain groups, such as the Sikh Youth of Belgium and Babbar Khalsa International (BKI), continue to support Khalistan, their influence is relatively minor. Grounded in diaspora theory and aided by the interview data, this research provides significant insights into immigrant integration, cultural preservation, and the intricate dynamics between assimilation and multicultural coexistence within the Belgian context.