Therapeutic Potential of ZnO-Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Portulaca oleracea in Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

Cancer remains a leading global health challenge, with conventional therapies often hindered by severe side effects and the emergence of resistance. Nanotechnology presents innovative approaches for targeted cancer treatment, with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) gaining attention for their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce apoptosis. This review explores the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs utilizing the bioactive plant Portulaca oleracea (purslane), emphasizing its eco-friendly and biocompatible nature. This comprehensive narrative aims to investigate the synthesis, characterization, and mechanisms of action of ZnO-NPs synthesized using P. oleracea, synthesis methodologies, physicochemical properties, anticancer mechanisms, and potential applications across multiple cancer types, including breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, and ovarian cancers. Additionally, the review discusses the challenges associated with biocompatibility, scalability, and clinical applications while highlighting potential pathways for further investigation. ZnO-NPs synthesized using P. oleracea exhibit notable anticancer efficacy due to enhanced ROS generation and targeted apoptosis. Preliminary studies highlight their potential in delivering lower-toxicity alternatives, compared to conventional treatments. Despite promising results, scalability, clinical application, and long-term biocompatibility remain significant challenges. ZnO-NPs synthesized via green methods represent a transformative approach to cancer treatment. However, further research addressing biocompatibility, regulatory hurdles, and large-scale production is essential to advance their clinical application.