Convergence anomalies: A comprehensive narrative review of diagnosis and management

Convergence anomalies represent a spectrum of binocular vision disorders that affect the ability of the eyes to work together when focusing on a near object. These anomalies, which include conditions such as convergence insufficiency and convergence excess, are often underdiagnosed despite their significant impact on visual function and daily activities. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of convergence anomalies, focusing on their diagnosis and management. The review synthesizes key findings from clinical studies, highlighting the prevalence, pathophysiology, and symptoms associated with these disorders. Diagnostic approaches, including clinical assessments like the near point of convergence, fusional vergence tests, and patient-reported outcome measures, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, evidence-based management strategies, ranging from vision therapy to corrective lenses and surgical interventions, are critically evaluated. The review emphasizes the importance of early detection and tailored therapeutic interventions to improve patient outcomes. By addressing both traditional and emerging diagnostic techniques and treatment modalities, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for clinicians in optimizing care for patients with convergence anomalies.