Biometric Technology Based on Wireless Sensing: Principles, Applications, and Challenges

With the rapid advancement of computer technology, image processing, and artificial intelligence, biometric identification technology has seen widespread application, gradually permeating areas such as national security, public security, and home security. However, traditional biometric technologies exhibit certain limitations. In contrast, biometric identification based on wireless sensing offers distinct advantages, including non-contact operation and strong concealment, making it a promising alternative in various security applications. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the history and current state of biometric technology, alongside the development background of wireless sensing technology. It details the principles of wireless sensing-based biometric identification, covering essential characteristics of wireless signals, and related technologies such as RFID, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and millimeter wave technology, as well as relevant signal processing algorithms. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the application of this technology in areas like human posture and motion recognition and physiological feature recognition, supported by practical case studies. Finally, it addresses the environmental dependencies, data privacy, and security concerns associated with this technology, while offering insights into future development directions.