Using the Melosh Model of Acoustic Fluidization to Simulate Impact Crater Collapse on the Earth and Moon

The formation of complex craters requires some form of transient weakening of target rocks. Acoustic fluidization is one proposed mechanism applied in many numerical simulations of large crater formation. In a companion paper, we describe implementing the Melosh model of acoustic fluidization in the iSALE shock physics code. Here, we explore the effect of Melosh model parameters on crater collapse and determine the range of parameters that reproduce observed crater depth-to-diameter trends on the Earth and Moon. Target viscosity in the Melosh model is proportional to the vibrational wavelength, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>λ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and the longevity of acoustic vibrations is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> -quality factor). Our simulations show that <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>λ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> affects the size of the fluidized region, its fluidity, and the magnitude of the vibrations, producing a variety of crater collapse styles. The size of the fluidized region is strongly affected by the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The regeneration factor, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , controls the amount of (re)generated acoustic energy and its localization. We find that a decrease in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> leads to less crater collapse and that there are trade-offs between <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . This trade-off contributes to the more realistic <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> values than those used in the Block model. The diffusion of vibrations in regions with high stress and strain is controlled by the scattering term, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Compared to the Block model, the Melosh model results in a shallower zone of weakening in complex craters and enhanced strain localization around the crater rim. The parameter set that produces best depth-diameter trends is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>λ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> = 0.2 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>×</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> impactor radius, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> = 10-50, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> = 0.025-0.1, and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> = 10- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:msup><mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> .

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Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research Planets
Published
2024-12-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1029/2024je008562
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4
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Planetary Science and Exploration
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1.33

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article

Using the Melosh Model of Acoustic Fluidization to Simulate Impact Crater Collapse on the Earth and Moon

Brandon Johnson, Hamish Hay, A. Rajšić, G. S. Collins
4 citations
Journal of Geophysical Research Planets
Planetary Science and Exploration
1.33
article

Using the Melosh Model of Acoustic Fluidization to Simulate Impact Crater Collapse on the Earth and Moon

Brandon Johnson, Hamish Hay, A. Rajšić, G. S. Collins
article en
4 citations

Abstract

The formation of complex craters requires some form of transient weakening of target rocks. Acoustic fluidization is one proposed mechanism applied in many numerical simulations of large crater formation. In a companion paper, we describe implementing the Melosh model of acoustic fluidization in the iSALE shock physics code. Here, we explore the effect of Melosh model parameters on crater collapse and determine the range of parameters that reproduce observed crater depth-to-diameter trends on the Earth and Moon. Target viscosity in the Melosh model is proportional to the vibrational wavelength, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>λ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and the longevity of acoustic vibrations is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> -quality factor). Our simulations show that <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>λ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> affects the size of the fluidized region, its fluidity, and the magnitude of the vibrations, producing a variety of crater collapse styles. The size of the fluidized region is strongly affected by the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The regeneration factor, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , controls the amount of (re)generated acoustic energy and its localization. We find that a decrease in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> leads to less crater collapse and that there are trade-offs between <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . This trade-off contributes to the more realistic <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> values than those used in the Block model. The diffusion of vibrations in regions with high stress and strain is controlled by the scattering term, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Compared to the Block model, the Melosh model results in a shallower zone of weakening in complex craters and enhanced strain localization around the crater rim. The parameter set that produces best depth-diameter trends is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>λ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> = 0.2 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>×</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> impactor radius, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> = 10-50, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> = 0.025-0.1, and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> = 10- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:msup><mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> .

Journal of Geophysical Research PlanetsVol. 129(12)
Purdue University West Lafayette (US), Brown University (US), University of Oxford (GB), Imperial College London (GB)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Nuclear Safety and Security Commission, Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute, Science and Technology Facilities Council
Openalex Percentile: Top 19%
Planetary Science and Exploration
1.33
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