Optimization of process parameters in supercritical <scp>CO₂</scp> extraction of rose essential oil: Evaluation of phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant profiles

Abstract This study explores the optimization of supercritical CO 2 extraction parameters (pressure, temperature, and flow rate) to maximize the yield and bioactive content in rose essential oil. Experiments covered a pressure range of 20–30 MPa, temperatures of 40–60°C, and flow rates from 2 to 6 mL/min, aiming to elucidate the effects of these variables on extraction outcomes. Findings indicate that a pressure of 20 MPa, temperature range of 40–50°C, and flow rate of 2–4 mL/min achieved optimal extraction, enhancing both yield and bioactive compound solubility. These specific conditions preserved high levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, directly boosting the antioxidant potency of the oil. The non‐linear interaction of each parameter highlights the critical balance needed for efficient extraction. This optimized process not only improves the economic viability of rose essential oil production by maximizing bioactive yields but also supports applications in therapeutic and cosmetic fields due to the oil's enriched antioxidant profile.