Effect of the wastewater treatment system and Industry 4.0 implementation for a sustainable tyre production industry

A circular economic system with Industry 4.0 is crucial for fostering sustainable and economically viable growth in industries. This study contributes to the existing literature by developing an energy-efficient circular smart supply chain system with waste reduction, wastewater treatment, and carbon reduction. The customers' demand for the product depends on the recyclability index. The industry has invested in water purification technologies, green technologies, and automation technologies to promote sustainability. The total profit is maximized by determining the optimal values for the decision variables using particle swarm optimization in both scenarios: with and without a recyclability index. The system is validated through a numerical example in the tyre industry. The results indicate that with a recyclability index, the industry achieved a 52.60 % profit increase, highlighting the benefits of prioritizing recyclability, while higher technology efficiency further boosts profits by reducing production, emission, and wastewater treatment costs. A sensitivity analysis is conducted, and managerial insights are derived to formulate optimal operational policies. This will help to enhance economic and sustainable development by reducing production costs through automation, prioritizing high recyclability, adopting green technologies, and implementing water purification technologies. • An energy-efficient sustainable supply chain system empowered by Industry 4.0. • Investment in automation technology to minimize energy consumption. • Maximizing profit while minimizing emissions, waste water, and production costs. • Achieving economic benefits and sustainability through a circular economy approach.