Genome-Wide Identification, Functional Characterization, and Stress-Responsive Expression Profiling of Subtilase (SBT) Gene Family in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Subtilases (SBTs), known as serine proteases or phytoproteases in plants, are crucial enzymes involved in plant development, growth, and signaling pathways. Despite their recognized importance in other plant species, information regarding their functional roles in cultivated peanut (<i>Arachis hypogea</i> L.) remains sparse. We identified 122 <i>AhSBT</i> genes in the STQ peanut genome, classifying them into six subgroups based on phylogenetic analysis. Detailed structural and motif analyses revealed the presence of conserved domains, highlighting the evolutionary conservation of <i>AhSBTs</i>. The collinearity results indicate that the <i>A. hypogea SBT</i> gene family has 17, 5, and 1 homologous gene pairs with <i>Glycine max</i>, <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, and <i>Zea mays</i>, respectively. Furthermore, the prediction of <i>cis</i>-elements in promoters indicates that they are mainly associated with hormones and abiotic stress. GO and KEGG analyses showed that many <i>AhSBTs</i> are important in stress response. Based on transcriptome datasets, some genes, such as <i>AhSBT2</i>, <i>AhSBT18</i>, <i>AhSBT19</i>, <i>AhSBT60</i>, <i>AhSBT102, AhSBT5, AhSBT111</i>, and <i>AhSBT113</i>, showed remarkably higher expression in diverse tissues/organs, i.e., embryo, root, and leaf, potentially implicating them in seed development. Likewise, only a few genes, including <i>AhSBT1</i>, <i>AhSBT39</i>, <i>AhSBT53</i>, <i>AhSBT92</i>, and <i>AhSBT115</i>, were upregulated under abiotic stress (drought and cold) and phytohormone (ethylene, abscisic acid, paclobutrazol, brassinolide, and salicylic acid) treatments. Upon inoculation with <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>, the expression levels of <i>AhSBT39</i>, <i>AhSBT50</i>, <i>AhSBT92</i>, and <i>AhSBT115</i> were upregulated in disease-resistant and downregulated in disease-susceptible varieties. qRT-PCR-based expression profiling presented the parallel expression trends as generated from transcriptome datasets. The comprehensive dataset generated in the study provides valuable insights into understanding the functional roles of <i>AhSBTs</i>, paving the way for potential applications in crop improvement. These findings deepen our understanding of peanut molecular biology and offer new strategies for enhancing stress tolerance and other agronomically important traits.