Block Copolymer Self-Assembly for Biological and Chemical Sensing

Biological and chemical (BCh) sensing relying on the self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) has become ubiquitous in addressing a wide range of challenges across diverse technological fields. In this Review, we highlight recent advancements in utilizing the unique properties of BCPs (e.g., their tunable nanostructures, ability to form highly ordered arrangements, nanoscale domains, and versatile chemical functionalities) in BCh sensing technologies to enhance their respective performance. The discussed sensing approaches encompass surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), electrochemistry, and optics, where BCPs have been demonstrated to improve the sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of the BCh sensing devices. The Review particularly emphasizes the role of BCPs in the development of nanostructured surfaces for enhanced signal transduction and in creating porous matrices with a large active area. Furthermore, the self-assembly of BCPs in solution and their role in aiding the self-organization of other sensing materials such as plasmonic nanoparticles are also explored. Importantly, we further discuss the potential of BCPs in future sensing applications, identifying key research directions that could drive further innovation in the field. This Review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers interested in the application of self-assembled BCPs in BCh sensing.