A self-assembled nanomicelle-based "one stone for two birds" strategy for precision therapy of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an intricate and inevitable physiological event occurred in the liver transplantation (LT) and it is of paramount importance to devise novel and efficient methods to ameliorate IRI. Herein, we report a "one stone for two birds" strategy for IRI therapy. In this study, we engineered carvacrol-artesunate (CAR-ART) nanoparticles (CANPs) utilizing CAR and ART as precursor monomers and simulated IRI in an <i>in vivo</i> mouse model. Our research results indicate that CANPs proficiently surmount the constraints linked with the solitary components utilized in preceding studies such as water solubility, stability, and biocompatibility. Furthermore, they exhibit a distinctive accumulation in the liver. From an immunological standpoint, CANPs have been observed to significantly impede the accumulation and activation of various immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and Kupffer cells. This results in the restoration of the hepatic immune cell distribution to a state akin to that of a normal liver. Furthermore, CANPs markedly inhibit the accumulation of a multitude of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cellularly, it has been observed that CANPs significantly hinder the onset of ferroptosis in hepatocytes. This is accomplished by inhibiting the accumulation of crucial enzymes such as long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase 4 (ACSL4), as well as associated lipid oxidation intermediates like malondialdehyde (MDA), which are relevant to the process of ferroptosis. Consequently, a solitary intravenous administration of CANPs has the potential to simultaneously inhibit ferroptosis of hepatocytes and normalize proinflammatory immune cells, one stone for two birds. In conclusion, CANPs may serve as a promising multi-bioactive nanotherapeutic agent and a bioresponsive targeting delivery nanocarrier, offering a potentially effective treatment strategy for hepatic IRI.