MANEJO DA DOR EM CÃES E GATOS: REVISÃO DE MÉTODOS E PRÁTICAS CLÍNICAS

This study aimed to review and consolidate advances in pain management in dogs and cats, covering topics from the neurobiology of pain to evaluation methods and therapeutic interventions. It was highlighted that pain, whether acute or chronic, is a multifactorial phenomenon influenced by neurophysiological, behavioral, and emotional mechanisms, requiring integrated approaches for diagnosis and treatment. The neurobiology of pain revealed complex processes of central and peripheral sensitization, as well as the role of modulatory systems, such as the endocannabinoid system, in regulating nociceptive responses. In terms of evaluation, subjective tools, such as behavioral scales, and objective technologies, such as the Bispectral Index (BIS), proved effective, although challenges related to standardization and technical training persist. Multimodal therapy emerged as the gold standard in pain management, combining conventional medications, such as opioids and NSAIDs, with complementary therapies, including melatonin, cannabinoids, and gabapentin. The impact of the placebo effect, especially “placebo-by-proxy,” was widely discussed, highlighting its influence on clinical outcomes and caregiver perceptions, while reinforcing the need for objective evaluation methods. Perioperative pain management was identified as a critical area, with preventive protocols and advanced technologies promoting faster recovery and reduced complications. Despite progress, gaps such as the absence of specific biomarkers, the scarcity of robust studies on alternative therapies, and the lack of standardization in evaluation methods remain significant challenges. Future studies should explore more precise approaches, integrating artificial intelligence and molecular biomarkers, as well as investigating the application of emerging therapies in different species. This work contributes to clinical practice and animal welfare, providing a foundation for future research and advances in veterinary medicine.