Europe will keep struggling on defence cooperation

Significance In addition to threatening to withdraw support for NATO should member states fail to invest enough in defence, Trump has threatened to withdraw support for Ukraine. Impacts Trump’s threat to withdraw support for Ukraine could discourage Ukrainians from returning home, and encourage more to leave. Pressure to reduce military support for Ukraine could increase in Germany and France. The need to invest more in defence will likely weaken spending in other areas, given the pressure to control budget deficits.